With few exceptions, however, it seems that daydreaming and mind wandering are close enough to the same cognitive state that they can be used in tandem if not interchangeably. Some authors see the two terms as interchangeable (e.g., Carciofo, Song, Du, Wang, & Zhang, 2017 Fox, Spreng, Ellamil, Andrews-Hanna, Christoff, 2015 Lindquist & McLean, 2011 Poerio & Smallwood, 2016), others acknowledge the similarities but maintain a minor, though unspecified, distinction (e.g., Berntsen, Rubin, & Salgado, 2015 Christoff, 2011 Marcusson-Clavertz, Cardeña, & Terhune, 2016), and some refer to mind wandering as a type of daydreaming or vice versa (e.g., Brown, 1927 Klinger, Henning, & Janssen, 2009 Zedelius & Schooler, 2015). Of these highly similar if not entirely identical terms, daydreaming seems to have a special, more complicated relationship with mind wandering than the others. Some are perfect synonyms of each other, whereas others have subtle differences.
Unrelated thought train Offline#
Some of the terms that have been used in place of mind wandering include daydreaming, spontaneous thought, fantasy, zoning out, thought intrusions, task-irrelevant thoughts, perceptual decoupling, stimulus-independent thought, unconscious thought, internally generated thoughts, offline thought, incidental self-processing, undirected thought, and self-generated thought (see Christoff, 2011 McMillan et al., 2013 Schupak & Rosenthal, 2009 Smallwood & Schooler, 2006, 2015).Īll of these terms are in some way a reference to task-unrelated thoughts. There are so many different terms used to describe task-unrelated thought that many authors include a list of the terms that have been used over the years (e.g., Christoff, 2011 Gruberger, Ben-Simon, Levkovitz, Zangen, & Hendler, 2011). What is not consistent, however, is the use of the term mind wandering.
How is it actually defined? One common and consistent definition is that mind wandering is when an individual's thoughts shift away from the task at hand it is often referred to as task-unrelated thoughts ( Smallwood & Schooler, 2006). It is an occurrence that 96% of American adults say they experience daily ( Singer & McCraven, 1961), and it occupies up to 50% of the waking day ( Kane et al., 2007 Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010 Klinger, 1999, 2009 Klinger, Miles, & Cox, 1987). Mind wandering is ubiquitous to the human experience and may be the brain's default process ( Buckner, Andrews-Hanna, & Schacter, 2008 Christoff, Gordon, Smallwood, Smith, & Schooler, 2009 Mason et al., 2007 Raichle et al., 2001). Kaufman, in Creativity and the Wandering Mind, 2020 What is mind wandering?
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